含连翘的青贮饲料对肉鹅饲喂效果研究

为研究含连翘的青贮饲料对肉鹅的生长力、发病率和成活率的影响,提高鹅群的整体健康水平,将乳酸菌、宇佐美曲霉菌悬液按比例接入含连翘组分的青贮饲料中自然发酵60 d后用于肉鹅饲喂试验,28日龄肉鹅随机分为3组,饲喂42 d,在青贮饲料中添加不同比例的连翘枝条,观察含连翘的青贮饲料对肉鹅生产性能的影响。结果显示,含5%和10%连翘枝条的青贮饲料中功能成分连翘苷与连翘脂苷A的含量差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;含连翘的青贮饲料能够使肉鹅成活率提高4.38%～4.63%,日增重提高3.07%～4.33%,显著降低料肉比（P<0.05）。乳酸菌与宇佐美曲霉菌发酵含连翘青贮饲料能够有效改善连翘枝条的适口性,应用于肉鹅饲喂后,可以提高肉鹅的健康水平。利用废弃中药原料开展饲料添加剂的应用研究,可为降低生产成本、预防与治疗禽类疾病提供新的思路。     

鹅卵清蛋白基因5''''端调控区的克隆和序列分析

通过PCR技术从产蛋鹅输卵管基因组中扩增出1．2kb的鹅清蛋白基因5’端调控区,将其亚克隆入phD18-T载体的多克隆位点(标记为pOV),经酶切和测序鉴定：扩增产物只有3个碱基发生了突变,其TATA框、组织特异性因子和卵清蛋白上游启动子均未发生变异,表明鹅清蛋白基因5’端调控区可作为启动外源基因表达的调控序列。为构建其启动外源基因的质粒表达载体奠定了研究基础。     

Flyway population delineation in Taiga Bean Geese Anser fabalis fabalis revealed by multi‐element feather stable isotope analysis

Fundamental to effective management of migratory waterbird populations is an understanding of their flyway delineation. Taiga Bean Geese Anser fabalis fabalis wintering in NW Denmark, Scotland and England are considered to originate from northern and central Sweden, southern and central Norway (‘Western flyway’), those wintering in southern Sweden, NE and southern Denmark are considered to originate from northern Fennoscandia and western Russia (‘Central flyway’), and those wintering in eastern Germany and Poland (which show far less favourable conservation status) are thought to come from western Siberia (‘Eastern 1 flyway’), although evidence to demonstrate this has largely been lacking. Evidence for different natal and moult origins of Taiga Bean Geese was investigated using stable isotope analyses of feathers of four elements (δ²H, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and δ³⁴S). There were significant differences in isotopic composition of feathers from Swedish (Central) and German (Eastern 1) wintering populations and those moulting in Sweden in late summer (Western), which validated the three proposed major management flyway units above. The strong continental gradient in the stable hydrogen isotope ratios in precipitation (δ²H_p) across the region was used to assign wintering birds geospatially to natal and moulting origin, indicating separate natal and moulting areas for German (n = 37, from western Siberia) and Swedish (n = 20, Fennoscandia and more western Russia) wintering birds. These results confirm the largely discrete nature of these three flyways and contribute significantly to our ability to deliver effective targeted and appropriate research, monitoring and management actions throughout the ranges of these flyways.     

青海湖鸟岛斑头雁种群对H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的免疫状况

斑头雁（Anser indicus）是2005年青海湖H5N1型高致病性禽流感的主要被感染物种。为了解斑头雁目前对H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)免疫状况,2008年春季,在青海湖鸟岛采集该种群弃卵（68枚）和巢卵（125枚）,以血凝抑制试验（HI）检测抗H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的卵黄母源抗体（IgY）。根据测试结果推断,在高致病性禽流感暴发3年后,青海湖鸟岛繁殖的斑头雁种群有26.5%～35.2%的繁殖对可能已经获得了对H5N1型禽流感病毒的免疫能力。另外,以斑头雁巢密度和抗体效价进行相关分析发现,斑头雁母源抗体水平与斑头雁巢密度正相关(r=0.736, P=0.000),表明高密度繁殖群内的母源抗体传递更具有适应性意义。     

Proline metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency in French Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Strike)

The objective of the present work was to determine the impact ofnitrogen deficiency on proline metabolism in French Bean plants(Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Strike). The nitrogen wasapplied to the nutrient solution in the form of NH₄NO₃ at1.45 mM (N1), 2.90mM (N2) and 5.80mM (N3, optimal level). Our results indicateNdeficiency is characterised by a decline in proline accumulation both in theroot and leaves, fundamentally because proline degradation is encouraged by thestimulation of the enzyme proline dehydrogenase. By contrast, under conditionsof adequate N (N3), proline levels rise due to the action of ornithine,suggesting predominance of the ornithine pathway over the glutamine pathway, inaddition to the inhibition of proline dehydrogenase activity.     

Comments on duck circovirus (DuCV) genotype definition

A standardised methodology has been used to define genotypes based on pairwise sequence comparisons (PASC). PASC is a widely accepted method in virus taxonomy, which is based on the histogram of pairwised differences among sequences. Recently, Zhang et al. (2013) concluded that the average p-distance of duck circovirus (DuCV) between genotypes 1 and 2 was 0.170, and subtype distance thresholds were 0.032 in DuCV-1 and 0.018 in DuCV-2, respectively. However, there might be some concerns on the methodology application to define the genotype of DuCV. Taking into account the concerns mentioned above, our authors conducted the PASC analyses of 54 capsid gene (ORF2) and genomic sequences including all the sequences from Zhang et al. (2013). Our results confirmed the existence of two DuCV genotypes (1 and 2) and, we suggest that DuCV ORF2 and genomic distance genotype thresholds were 0.061 and 0.038, respectively.     

Development and application of ELISA assays for the detection of two members of the family Luteoviridae infecting legumes: Pea enation mosaic virus (genus Enamovirus) and Bean leafroll virus (genus Luteovirus)

An antigen‐coated plate enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ACP‐ELISA) method was developed and validated for the detection of Bean leafroll virus (BLRV) and Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV), two of the important viral pathogens of several legume crops. The coat protein (CP) gene of each of the viruses was bacterially expressed as a fusion protein containing an N‐terminal hexa‐histidine tag and used as an antigen to produce antisera in rabbits. The antiserum to BLRV could detect the virus in leaf samples in up to 1:1000 dilution, and the PEMV antiserum detected the homologous virus in leaf samples of dilutions up to 1:6400. No serological cross‐reactivity was observed between anti‐BLRV and anti‐PEMV sera. The ACP‐ELISA assays were then used for estimating the prevalence of these two viruses in alfalfa, pea and vetch over a three‐state area in the US Pacific Northwest over a 2‐year period and virus incidence was mapped. Availability of rapid and sensitive ELISA assays facilitate virus disease mapping efforts and screening germplasm for virus resistance.